A First Hand Look at Drought in the Colorado River Basin
For the past three years, I have taken an active interest in drought in the southwestern US as illustrated by declining water levels in various reservoirs. I have been especially interested in Lake Powell which started filling in 1963 upon completion of the Glen Canyon Dam across the Colorado River and located near Page, Arizona just south of the Utah state line. Back in the 1980s when it was sometimes full, Lake Powell had a surface area of 266 square miles – the largest lake by area in the southwest. It is relatively narrow (less than a mile wide in most places) but quite long, extending 186 miles northeast of the dam to Cataract Canyon.
Over the past 20+ years, the water level and volume of Lake Powell have declined considerably. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation located and designed the Glen Canyon Dam to maintain an elevation of 3700 feet above sea level, referred to as “full pool”. It took 17 years for this level to be first achieved in 1980, much longer than originally expected. The last year the lake level was near 3700 feet was 1999 and it has been erratically but steadily declining since then. At the start of spring runoff this year (May 25), the level had dropped to just below 3560 feet, 140 feet below “full pool”. The volume of water in the lake was less than 35% of its capacity. If that doesn’t indicate a serious, long-term drought, I don’t know what would!
But these are only numbers so I will
show a map and photos that give a dramatic feel for the extent of the changes
both in Lake Powell and other reservoirs in the Colorado River Basin. In April 2021, my partner, Judy Greenfield,
and I found a convenient access to the lake to see just how much it has changed
in the past 22 years. We took a
four-wheel drive road down Crosby Canyon leading to Warm Creek Bay, an arm of
Lake Powell a dozen miles northeast of the dam.
The light blue areas on the map show the extent of the lake at the “full pool” elevation of 3700 feet. The red line (following the 3560 foot contour) surrounding the darker blue areas shows the approximate extent of the lake in this area at present. I don’t fully trust the contour lines on the map below the 3700 foot contour for some technical reasons.
This is where we parked the FJ Cruiser at the start of our hike. It would have been submerged in some 50 feet
of water back in the 1980s. Our route on
foot went just to the right of the large sandstone tower in the center of the
photo.
We walked about two miles before we finally got to the present edge of the lake. We noticed fresh water clam shells in the sandy soil along the way reminding us that water once covered our entire route.
Looking out over mud flats which were covered by lake water in the summer of 2020 after spring runoff. On the left side of the photo, horizontal parallel strand lines show the past locations of lake water levels.
Judy photographing the mud flats in an area covered by water last summer.
We finally reached the present lake shoreline. This was as close as I could get to the lake
without becoming mired in mud. The
pockmarks in the surface of the mud aren’t animal burrows. They are a few inches across and hold little
puddles of water as the lake level continues to drop.
Looking back from above the present edge of the lake over the area it once covered. All land up to the foot of the mesas in the background (including the cliff where I am standing) was covered by water when the lake was at its “full pool” elevation in the 1980s and 1990s.
Next, are a couple photos I took at
the former site of the Hite Marina in April 2019 some 150 miles northeast of
Warm Creek Bay. The Hite Marina was once
a thriving boat launch and camping area.
It is now totally defunct and abandoned because the lake level has
dropped more than 80 feet below what is needed for the boat launch. The photos were taken on a cliff across from
the former site of the marina.
In the center left of the photo is a concrete area in the shape of a long-handled frying pan. This was the boat launch at the Hite Marina. You can visualize that the lake once covered this entire valley whereas it is now little more than a wide river. View is to the south.
View north from the Hite overlook toward Cataract Canyon in the distance. The lake used to cover the entire valley up to the tan rocks. The highway in the upper left of the photo was just above the 3700 foot lake level.
If you’re still with me, let’s take a
look at two other reservoirs in the Colorado River basin above Lake
Powell. The first is the Blue Mesa
Reservoir, Colorado’s largest lake which stretches for 20 miles in the area between
the towns of Montrose and Gunnison.
U.S. Highway 50 bridge across Blue Mesa reservoir. In the distance, you can see bare, sand-colored
areas that used to be covered by water.
Finally, the Paonia Reservoir used to be a popular destination for boating, water skiing, and fishing in western Colorado. We drove along its shore on September 24, 2020.
What reservoir? The sandy areas
represent the former extent of the lake just above the Paonia Dam. At present, there is barely a stream flowing
through.
Boat launching ramp at the north end of the Paonia Reservoir. Boating safety regulations? You’ve got to be kidding. About the only boat you might launch here is an inner tube if you want to slog through several hundred feet of mud flats.
So, in
conclusion, why have water levels in Colorado basin reservoirs dropped so
dramatically? Is it climate change and/or ever-increasing water use
to serve a rapidly expanding human population in the region? It
appears to me that both are in play but I’ll let the reader reach his or her
own conclusions.
John
Wesley Powell, the 19th Century geologist and explorer for whom
Lake Powell is named, could have had no inkling of the 21st Century
climate catastrophe. However, in his 1878 Report on the
Lands of the Arid Region, Powell argued against massive migration to the
arid West which he correctly believed could not support population densities
anywhere comparable to those in the East. Of course, Powell was
largely ignored due to greed and an irrational and unscientific exuberance for
settlement of the West. And now, people of the Southwest are going
to pay the price, starting with central Arizona farmers and ranchers who are
potentially facing a 65% reduction in their water supplies in 2022.
I do hope these photos have emphasized how bad the situation is, and I see no evidence that it’s going to get any better! And if the water level in Lake Powell drops another 35 feet, it will reach “minimum power pool”, below which generation of electricity becomes problematic. Hmmm, what then happens to the lights and air conditioners in Las Vegas?
July 2021 Addendum
I wrote the
first draft of this article in May 2021.
Since then, an anemic period of spring runoff raised Lake Powell’s water
level only 1.9 feet and lake level declines have now accelerated. On July 23, the lake surface dropped to its
lowest level since it first filled more than 40 years ago. Dam managers along the Colorado River find
themselves in a quandary. Were they to
greatly reduce or even stop releasing water from the Glen Canyon Dam in order
to stabilize Lake Powell water levels, they could nearly dry up the Colorado
River through the Grand Canyon (with disastrous ecological consequences) and
impacts to Lake Mead, some 300 river miles below Lake Powell, would be
devastating. A steep decline in Lake Mead’s
water level (already at record lows) would threaten an important source of the
region’s water and hydroelectricity from the Hoover Dam. So instead, the Bureau of Reclamation has
started releasing more water from upstream dams starting with the Flaming Gorge
Dam on the Green River near the Wyoming-Utah state line. There are plans to increase flows from Blue
Mesa Reservoir and Navajo Lake (on the San Juan River in northwestern New
Mexico) later this year. However, without
an end to the 20-year drought in the Colorado basin and a reduction in the
demand for water, these measures will be, at best, only temporary fixes.
And yet
while the Southwest “burns” from high temperatures and reduced precipitation,
the politicians, bureaucrats, and citizenry continue to “fiddle”. Millions of clueless people continue to move
to the region. Incredibly, Washington
County in southwest Utah has proposed to build a 141-mile Lake Powell Pipeline
to suck 28 billion gallons of water per year out of the Colorado River in order
to nourish their bright green lawns and golf courses and maintain the
skyrocketing population growth of the St. George, Utah area. They claim to be entitled to this water based
on historic water rights. Where does the
insanity end? Stay tuned for a wild, dry
ride into the future!
This story first appeared in the August-September 2021 issue of the Canyon Country Zephyr. Following are comments received by the Zephyr and posted below the story:
Rosco Betunada
August 8, 2021
As you intended (& as “the situation”
intended): truly scary.
I’ve (M-O-L) “been around” since the
1940’s and wish I could remember in all my life “the situation” recovering from
something as bad as you’ve described … but can’t. “Enjoyed” (I’ll replace that
word with, uh, “appreciated” — “made me continue to consider and mull and brace
myself”) — your essay and the span of history/hysteria included therein.
Bruce Briscoe
Bali, Indonesia
August 19, 2021
WOW. I had not a full idea that the
situation was so bad. An extremely well-written article by a well-respected
scientist. My only wish would have been to have 1 before/after photo really
showing how far it has fallen. The map was helpful, but a photo would be
better. Besides that, I learned a lot. Great photos and great article. Well
done, Mr. Mahoney! Keep it up and I hope to see more articles from you.
Ray Millar
September 8, 2021
I have a photo taken by Stan “Mr.
Lake Powell” Jones taken when the lake was at full pool of a group of 60 performers
from Salt Lake City in full dress attire. They had appeared in a concert in
Page and, afterward, boated to Rainbow Bridge where they, at Stan’s suggestion,
in defiance of the Park Service directive sang a number of patriotic songs to
the delight of other visitors to the site.
Unfortunately I couldn’t download the
photo to this reply.
Beth Weinberg
Massachusetts
August 19, 2021
One of the most memorable experiences
of my life was visiting Utah on my honeymoon 30 years ago in 1991. Growing up
in New York I’d never seen a place like Lake Powell. I remember marveling at
it. To see it in the state it is now is tragic, especially knowing it is only
one of our earth’s treasures dying from the climate crisis.
Thank you, Will, for your article and photos.
Jim Roberts
California
August 19, 2021
Will Mahoney’s article on the effects
of the drought in the Southwestern part of the country struck a chord for me.
There is a high likelihood of serious ramifications for Arizona farmers as well
as many population centers going forward. Let’s hope this 20 plus year drought
ends soon.
Philip Varley
Colorado
August 19, 2021
Perhaps it’s time to revise the 1922
Colorado River compact!!!! But try getting seven states to agree anything
today. Further proof of the old adage “whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for
fighting”.
A picture is worth 1,000 words. I had not been to the Hite marina since the mid-90s when it was an epicenter of wild youth on houseboats! Blue Mesa reservoir is now even lower than Will’s pictures.
But, ask yourself what caused the Anasazi to leave because of drought 1000 years ago? Perhaps the earth’s climate cycles have nothing to do with CO2 emissions. Certainly, analyzing the daily measurements from the Moana Kea observatory show that even though CO2 emissions declined 25% last year because of global shut downs, CO2 in the atmosphere dropped just 1/2000th. (not statistically significant given typical fluctuations).
The solution has to be market pricing
for water. If you want a Golf Course in AZ, then it should cost you. And
perhaps then, there would be sufficient economic incentive to revive the “Giant
Straw” project to pump water from the Mississippi to the Colorado, for a mere
$30 bn….but hey, that’s only 1% of Biden’s three TRILLION dollar Boondoggles,
It would never be approved though, because it’s rational, and useful, and puts
people to work.
Jeffrey Veatch
New York
August 19, 2021
Well done, Will. I noticed one of the
pictures in the article was taken while we were visiting Utah with you.
Hopefully your great work will have an impact on those who can help a dire
situation.
Olga Coleman
Colorado
August 19, 2021
It’s so true that one picture is
worth a thousand words! I have read many articles on our devastating drought
situation, but never did I fully comprehend the gravity of the situation until
I saw the photos. The camera doesn’t lie. Will’s magnificent photography is a
powerful complement to his words of warning. We need more articles like this to
make us truly aware of the magnitude and potential danger of the situation that
we are facing.
Maggie Rice
Colorado
August 19, 2021
Very well done article! I will
forward it to other people to read. The pictures certainly make the point.
Thank you for sending it.
Bill Reichert
Ohio
August 19, 2021
Will Mahoney did a wonderful job of
presenting the whole situation. Water, no water, not a drop to drink. Rain
dances are in order. Very informative article….well done!
Sky Baldwin
Colorado
August 19, 2021
I really enjoyed your article about
the reservoirs in our area. It is helpful to have others chronicle, quantify,
and document these dramatic changes that we sense are happening. Thank you for
your pictures and information, Will.
Dan Morrissey
Colorado
August 19, 2021
Thanks for publishing Will Mahoney’s
article. It is truly an eye opener for all to consider the results of climate
change. For whatever the causal reasons, the results are indisputable. Great
work, Will, keep it up!
Sergio Lugo
Colorado
August 19, 2021
Will’s photo essay presents the stark reality of waterless vistas in the magnificent American Southwest. Having travelled the area for many years it has always been my delight to return again and again. Unfortunately, haven’t been able to do so for about four years, but Will’s and Jennifer’s photo-rendition of vistas off the beaten path does justice to those concerned about the long term impacts of water depletion. One of the memorable events of the last 25 years were the immense water releases of the Colorado River of the 1980s – how long ago that seems and surreal in the context of current water capacity.
Thanks for having taken the time to
write and update.
The Ex
Florida
August 19, 2021
Wow, some hard hitting points here
about the dire situation we now live in.
We need more articles like this to help educate the public which, in
turn, may help move things in the right direction for our country. Thanks, Will
Mahoney, for such an informative piece. Much appreciated!
Charlie Winger
Colorado
August 19, 2021
Thanks to Will & Judy for all of
their great photos. As they say “A picture is worth a thousand words”. As Will
mentions, the plan to release water from the Blue Mesa Reservoir is currently
in place. I think they are planning to drop the reservoir level by two feel a
week until the end of September. There needs to be more accountability about
downstream water usage. It’s like writing bad checks when you run out of money.
Time and nature will soon combine to send a big wakeup call to the folks in the
southwest. It’s happened thousands of years ago to other civilizations.
Roy Brown
California
August 20, 2021
Thanks Will, well presented story of
this cautionary tale. I appreciate the story the photos tell and the
information that you shared.
Andrew Wolcott
Uruguay
August 20, 2021
Great article Will, the photos make
it easy to understand and a great educational tool!
Susan Crick
Colorado
August 20, 2021
A sad tale, but one that needs to be
told over and over again until we, as a society, learn from it. I am curious to
know what you think the next steps are in trying to heal the landscape.
Jeff Modesitt
Colorado
August 20, 2021
The devastation of much of the South
West needs to be immediately addressed at every level possible- local, state
and federal. As noted by Phil Varley in his comments above, getting seven
states to agree on solutions may take a minor miracle. Making the public aware
is a good place to start. This article should be spread far and wide as it
graphically shows the situation without having to resort to charts and graphs.
As a Coloradan, I was stunned by the photos of Blue Lake, although I had read
about how far down the water level had fallen. The photos made it real. Thanks
Will and Judy!
Hugh G
Ireland
August 20, 2021
It’s a desperate picture you paint, Will.
Having grown up in the south of Namibia, I have experienced drought, but also learnt to appreciate the value of water. Water was mostly derived from brackish boreholes (a decent cup of tea was impossible!), and when it rained children would be out playing, singing and laughing. Water was truly valued. Then in the 70’s a large dam was built at Naute, in a valley at the confluence of 2 rivers, giving the local population their first taste of an abundance of water.
Unlike the situation at Lake Powell, the Naute Dam is relatively deep and serves a sparse community who should never experience water shortages again. Wildlife around the dam is proliferating, but sadly the children no longer dance in the rain.
Too much gets taken for granted, and us human beings have developed a fallacious sense of entitlement, especially when it comes to dealing with nature. I’ve been living in Ireland for over 30 years – it rains a lot! We get free water! A few years ago the Irish government tried to introduce water charges because the supply of potable water was struggling to keep up with an increasing demand, due to the ‘Celtic Tiger’. Protestors even held a government minister hostage in her car for a few hours. The loss of votes would be too high, and the government capitulated. We still get ‘free’ water. Free? Time will tell, but only once there is a crisis will we realise how much more rewarding it would be be proactive in our relationship with nature. Climate change will surely not play by ‘our’ rules. The sense of entitlement and an addiction to exploiting nature for short term gain just pushes our world deeper into the mire.
I met Will Mahoney when we were both
living in Botswana in the 80’s. I appreciate his commitment to protecting our
precious planet. Well done with your article, Will, and thanks to Canyon County
Zephyr for publishing it.
Karen Mohr
Colorado
August 20, 2021
As this excellent article and photos
illustrate, we’ve reached the tipping point and must look for innovative ways
to confront a water crisis that will likely be permanent. This may be one
possible solution, at least for drinking water, although it doesn’t address
agriculture and power needs or the overall effects of climate change: https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a33594184/turn-seawater-into-drinking-water-using-sunlight/?utm_medium=social-media&utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=socialflowFBPOP&fbclid=IwAR1umYT3pyGmtg7ZepZrhjxQ–ja1fg-IXwOWbYFClVU2r9mojAShKZyUOA
Maryanne Jerome
Colorado
August 20, 2021
I am shocked! I thought I was well
aware of the immensity of this drought. I had been to Lake Powell in the last
decade and was amazed then by how low it was. Thank you, Will Mahoney, for
writing it, and thank you to the publishers for making it known. What can we
do? We cannot increase rainfall. It is likely to get worse, not better. The
only solution I can think of is to reduce the impact of human population. Can
we prohibit immigration to the West? Probably not, and that is fraught with its
own problems. Can we reduce human fertility? It would take a massive
information campaign to make people aware of the environmental impact of their
perceived need for ever more children. But it does seem to be the only possible
solution for a decent life for the next generation.
Gary McIntyre, PhD
Colorado
August 20, 2021
Will presents a sobering, impactful
photo essay of the impact of climate change and increased population densities
on the drought-stricken southwest. Clearly changes need to be made to stem the
impact of 20 years of southwestern drought. Do we have the fortitude to adapt
to the pressure of the drought? Unfortunately,
I doubt it.
H. Bruce Baskette
Colorado
August 20, 2021
Boy, I see lots of follow-up stories
here. That pipeline, Las Vegas, and what’s up with Phoenix having the biggest
population gain of any big city in the country? I’d be curious too at how the
Colorado River looks as it leaves Colorado every year.
Chris Mohr
Colorado
August 20, 2021
When I decided to move to Denver in
1975, I was another transplant from the east who was enchanted by the
magnificent peaks. Since then, so many people have followed in my footsteps and
settled everywhere from Denver to Vegas to LA to San Diego to Phoenix etc etc
etc. Our arid land cannot bear this anymore! I see real problems ahead for all of us in the
West. Population growth and climate change are a real witches’ brew of
eco-nightmares in our near future. I’m glad Will put together photographic
proof of what I have known for a long time, but this really brought it home.
Ovid DeLeon
Florida
August 21, 2021
Wow, sad to see how far the lakes had
receded. Water is life, without it we are done. Thanks so much for the
enlightening article.
Bob Michael
Colorado
August 21, 2021
Splendid job! Major Powell (who
foresaw this long ago and is turning in his grave) would be proud of you. We
have to face the reality that megacities like Phoenix and Vegas were never “meant”
to exist in places without the water resources to sustain them. We also have to
face up to the broader overpopulation of the country. We need mass immigration
like we need cholera.
Ralph Thompson
Ohio
August 30, 2021
Thanks for the article and pictures
by my good friend, Will Mahoney. I was aware of the situation at Lake Powell,
but always interesting to read other views of what is happening. I concur with
your comments. Keep up the good fight.
Jim Collinson
Colorado
August 21, 2021
Excellent article with great photos
on Lake Powell that is now at an all-time low since it was filled! In June 1983
the lake almost overtopped the dam taking out concrete spillways. Heroic
efforts by engineers saved it. I visited the dam a few years ago and asked the
young guide if she knew that. She was aware of the incident but it was not
something brought up during the tours.
Nadia Coleman
Colorado
August 22, 2021
These pictures need to be shared with
a wider audience. Seeing these photos takes something that can feel theoretical
and makes it concrete. Please continue publishing stories like these. As a
person who cares deeply for the Colorado River ecosystem, these photos are
heartbreaking. We need to share them with a wider audience in hopes of
education, policy change and preservation.
Jeffery Stafford
Georgia
August 22, 2021
Will Mahoney’s article and pictures
provide compelling evidence of the dire drought in the southwestern US. More
focus needs to be placed on this environmental issue to alert the public before
it becomes an irreversible tragedy.
Laura Ritchie
August 22, 2021
Visually impactful and sobering
article—I can only hope that we can change the direction of the future.
Richard Replin
Colorado
August 24, 2021
Good review of the situation, and interesting personal examples and photos.
Note, though, that the levels in the
Colorado reservoirs, such as Blue Mesa and Paonia, vary a great deal year to
year and season to season. There is not a long term trend in these toward
emptying.
Joe Fetzer
Colorado
August 24, 2021
Really nice work Will. Haven’t been
down to that part of the world for a while, but the pictures are amazing.
Excellent illustration of the drought and water use conditions.
Lisa Welch
Colorado
August 29, 2021
Great article Will – and the pictures are compelling. I know the Bureau of Reclamation has recently declared a water shortage for the Colorado River, which means cutbacks for the foreseeable future. So far, there is only an acknowledgement that states need to “figure out strategies”.
Ken Neubecker
August 30, 2021
To be fair, Paonia Reservoir looks
like that every year in the late summer and fall. Maybe it’s a bit sooner than
usual, but the reservoir is intended to drain nearly completely for irrigation
in the North Fork valley.
Christopher Pavsek
August 30, 2021
What a great, if depressing and alarming, travelogue. Thank you. I hadn’t known about the pipeline planned to pump water to St. George. Argh!
Since its publication the issue has gotten some prominent treatment in the NY Times and Wash. Post, if others are interested. A less intimate perspective, but also interesting and informative. Indeed, what the authors here forecast about restrictions has come to pass to a degree already.
The original Times article headline, “Climate Change is Killing the Colorado River” is a bit inaccurate: it’s more realistic to say “climate change and collective human stupidity, greed, and depravity” is killing the Colorado…and a lot more.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/sunday-review/colorado-river-drying-up.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/08/16/colorado-river-water-cuts-drought/
I hope the Zephyr publishers/authors don’t
mind the links to competitive news sources…
Jim
August 30, 2021
I can imagine few greater examples of humans pushing an environment past its carrying capacity than the images of a dying reservoir. Such hubris!
Powell was right – the land west of
the 100th meridian was never meant to sustain such populations. Stegner well
noted the reason for the vast expanses of the West – that organisms developed
according to the allocations of moisture, thus are spaced far apart to make the
most of the meager allotments.
Time to get the message to the
various chambers of commerce throughout the West that it’s full, time to hang
out the “No Vacancy” sign.
Paula Cobler
September 4, 2021
Sobering information and pictures.
Paula Sapienza
Colorado
September 6, 2021
Important documentation—impactful,
sobering. Keep up the good work, Will!
Cherie Rohn
September 6, 2021
Make no mistake. Today a reservoir’s primary function is recreation, not storing water. And the future be damned. Researchers have known for a long time that there are far more expedient & less wasteful ways to store water, if that’s the real goal. Underground, for instance.
Hundreds of years ago the indigenous population in many parts of the U.S. Southwest knew how to store water underground even though they lacked sophisticated hydrologic knowledge. There have been numerous ecological papers that have noted these practices. One in particular titled, “Social Implications of Pueblo Water Management in the Northern San Juan,” by Arthur H. Rohn, states the following regarding Pueblo III practices on Mesa Verde: “Completely artificial reservoirs, exclusively for water storage, occur at several large village sites…Water was brought to these reservoirs over distances up to half a mile.” “Much of the water that would normally rapidly run off down the canyon would be caught behind [a manmade] dam, soak into the underlying ground, and travel through the subsoil sandstones…”above an impervious shale lens, then exit through a spring. In fact, most of the water was stored underground, not on the surface. What was clear to the researcher is that it took considerable cooperation by individuals in order to operate such sophisticated systems of elaborate check dams and supporting hydrologic features.
Cooperation seems mandatory if any
plan to preserve this most precious resource on our planet is to succeed. I
fear that such altruistic hopes are long ago dashed by greedy developers and
do-gooders at odds over how to undo this impending disaster.
Karen McCoy
September 18, 2021
Fallacious sense of entitlement sums it up! Utah population growth along with the entire west is out of control. Greed and wealth have overcome any common sense. And the fearless leaders in charge tell their constituents to pray?
Very well done article. I’ve said for
years in our arid climate each home should have minimum 1 acre lot. ZERO high
density housing. If you limit the number of people you don’t outpace your
resources but the almighty dollar wins. I fear for future generations.
Becky Brock
September 23, 2021
“The Big Thirst, The Secret Life and
Turbulent Future of Water” by Charles Fishman should be required reading for
anyone who manages water: municipalities, government agencies, and private
enterprise. While the book was published in 2011, it is even more relevant now.
The author claims that, “Knowing what to do is not the problem. The hardest
part is changing our water consciousness”.
Linda Boothroyd Lazaroff
September 27, 2021
This was an upsetting story. Having
been there, it is sad to see something so beautiful diminish. The photos show
the devastation of the drought and what used to be. My parents, my husband and
I had once talked about renting a boat to tour the lake and unfortunately never
did.
© Will Mahoney 2021
All rights reserved. No part of this blog post nor any associated photo can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the author and photographer.
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